Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Patient Information [NCI]

	General Information About Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer
	Stages of Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer
	Recurrent Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer
	Treatment Option Overview
	Treatment Options by Stage
	Treatment Options for Recurrent Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer
	To Learn More About Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer
	Get More Information From NCI
	Changes to This Summary (08 / 28 / 2009)
	About PDQ
	Audio articles:
	English
	Español

Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity.

PARANASAL SINUSES

"Paranasal" means near the nose. The paranasal sinuses are hollow, air-filled spaces in the bones around the nose. The sinuses are lined with cells that make mucus, which keeps the inside of the nose from drying out during breathing.

There are several paranasal sinuses named after the bones that surround them:

• The frontal sinuses are in the lower forehead above the nose.
• The maxillary sinuses are in the cheekbones on either side of the nose.
• The ethmoid sinuses are beside the upper nose, between the eyes.
• The sphenoid sinuses are behind the nose, in the center of the skull.

NASAL CAVITY

The nose opens into the nasalcavity, which is divided into two nasal passages. Air moves through these passages during breathing. The nasal cavity lies above the bone that forms the roof of the mouth and curves down at the back to join the throat. The area just inside the nostrils is called the nasal vestibule. A small area of special cells in the roof of each nasal passage sends signals to the brain to give the sense of smell.

Together the paranasal sinuses and the nasal cavity filter and warm the air, and make it moist before it goes into the lungs. The movement of air through the sinuses and other parts of the respiratory system help make sounds for talking.

Different types of cells in the paranasal sinus and nasal cavity may become malignant.

The most common type of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer is squamous cell carcinoma. This type of cancer forms in the squamous cells (thin, flat cells) lining the inside of the paranasal sinuses and the nasal cavity.

Other types of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer include the following:

• Melanoma: Cancer that starts in cells called melanocytes, the cells that give skin its natural color.
• Sarcoma: Cancer that starts in muscle or connective tissue.
• Inverting papilloma: Benign tumors that form inside the nose. A small number of these change into cancer.
• Midline granulomas: Cancer of tissues in the middle part of the face.

Being exposed to certain chemicals or dust in the workplace can increase the risk of developing paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer.

Anything that increases your chance of getting a disease is called a risk factor. Having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer; not having risk factors doesn't mean that you will not get cancer. People who think they may be at risk should discuss this with their doctor. Risk factors for paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer include the following:

• Being exposed to certain workplace chemicals or dust, such as those found in the following jobs:
  • Furniture-making.
  • Sawmill work.
  • Woodworking (carpentry).
  • Shoemaking.
  • Metal-plating.
  • Flour mill or bakery work.
• Being male and older than 40 years.
• Smoking.

Possible signs of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer include sinus problems and nosebleeds.

These and other symptoms may be caused by paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. Other conditions may cause the same symptoms. There may be no symptoms in the early stages. Symptoms may appear as the tumor grows. A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur:

• Blocked sinuses that do not clear, or sinus pressure.
• Headaches or pain in the sinus areas.
• A runny nose.
• Nosebleeds.
• A lump or sore inside the nose that does not heal.
• A lump on the face or roof of the mouth.
• Numbness or tingling in the face.
• Swelling or other trouble with the eyes, such as double vision or the eyes pointing in different directions.
• Pain in the upper teeth, loose teeth, or dentures that no longer fit well.
• Pain or pressure in the ear.

Tests that examine the sinuses and nasal cavity are used to detect (find) and diagnose paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer.

The following tests and procedures may be used:

• Physical exam and history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient's health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.
• Physical exam of the nose, face, and neck: An exam in which the doctor looks into the nose with a small, long-handled mirror to check for abnormal areas and checks the face and neck for lumps or swollen lymph nodes.
• X-rays of the head, neck, and chest: An x-ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film, making a picture of areas inside the body.
• Nasoscopy: A procedure to look inside the nose for abnormal areas. A nasoscope is inserted into the nose. A nasoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue samples, which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer.
• Biopsy: The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer.

Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.

The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on the following:

• Where the tumor is in the paranasal sinus or nasal cavity and whether it has spread.
• The size of the tumor.
• The type of cancer.
• The patient's age and general health.
• Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred (come back).

Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancers often have spread by the time they are diagnosed and are hard to cure. After treatment, a lifetime of frequent and careful follow-up is important because there is an increased risk of developing a second kind of cancer in the head or neck.

After paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity or to other parts of the body.

The process used to find out if cancer has spread within the paranasal sinuses and nasalcavity or to other parts of the body is called staging. The information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease. It is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment. The following tests and procedures may be used in the staging process:

• X-rays of the head, neck, and chest: An x-ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film, making a picture of areas inside the body.
• Endoscopy: A procedure to look at organs and tissues inside the body to check for abnormal areas. An endoscope is inserted through an opening in the body, such as the nose or mouth. An endoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue or lymph node samples, which are checked under a microscope for signs of disease.
• CT scan (CAT scan): A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.
• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) with gadolinium: A procedure that uses a magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. Sometimes a substance called gadolinium is injected into a vein. The gadolinium collects around the cancer cells so they show up brighter in the picture. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).
• Bone scan: A procedure to check if there are rapidly dividing cells, such as cancer cells, in the bone. A very small amount of radioactive material is injected into a vein and travels through the bloodstream. The radioactive material collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner.

There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.

The three ways that cancer spreads in the body are:

• Through tissue. Cancer invades the surrounding normal tissue.
• Through the lymph system. Cancer invades the lymph system and travels through the lymph vessels to other places in the body.
• Through the blood. Cancer invades the veins and capillaries and travels through the blood to other places in the body.

When cancer cells break away from the primary (original) tumor and travel through the lymph or blood to other places in the body, another (secondary) tumor may form. This process is called metastasis. The secondary (metastatic) tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor. For example, if breast cancer spreads to the bones, the cancer cells in the bones are actually breast cancer cells. The disease is metastatic breast cancer, not bone cancer.

There is no standard staging system for cancer of the sphenoid and frontal sinuses.

Pea, peanut, walnut, and lime show tumor sizes.

The following stages are used for maxillary sinus cancer:

Stage 0 (Carcinoma in Situ)

In stage 0, abnormalcells are found in the innermost lining of the maxillary sinus. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue. Stage 0 is also called carcinoma in situ.

Stage I

In stage I, cancer has formed in the mucous membranes of the maxillary sinus.

Stage II

In stage II, cancer has spread to bone around the maxillary sinus, including the roof of the mouth and the nose, but not to bone at the back of the maxillary sinus or the base of the skull.

Stage III

In stage III, cancer has spread to any of the following:

• Bone at the back of the maxillary sinus.
• Tissues under the skin.
• The eye socket.
• The base of the skull.
• The ethmoid sinuses.

or

Cancer has spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the cancer and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller. Cancer has also spread to any of the following:

• The lining of the maxillary sinus.
• Bones around the maxillary sinus, including the roof of the mouth and the nose.
• Tissues under the skin.
• The eye socket.
• The base of the skull.
• The ethmoid sinuses.

Stage IV

Stage IV is divided into stage IVA, IVB, and IVC.

STAGE IVA

In stage IVA, cancer has spread either:

• to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the cancer and the lymph node is larger than 3 centimeters but not larger than 6 centimeters; or
• to more than one lymph node anywhere in the neck, and they are all 6 centimeters or smaller;

and cancer has spread to any of the following:

• The lining of the maxillary sinus.
• Bones around the maxillary sinus, including the roof of the mouth and the nose.
• Tissues under the skin.
• The eye socket.
• The base of the skull.
• The ethmoid sinuses.

or

Cancer has spread to any of the following:

• The front of the eye.
• The skin of the cheek.
• The base of the skull.
• Behind the jaw.
• The bone between the eyes.
• The sphenoid or frontal sinuses.

and cancer may also have spread to one or more lymph nodes 6 centimeters or smaller, anywhere in the neck.

STAGE IVB

In stage IVB, cancer has spread to any of the following:

• The back of the eye.
• The brain.
• The middle parts of the skull.
• The nerves in the head that go to the brain.
• The upper part of the throat behind the nose.
• The base of the skull.

and cancer may be found in one or more lymph nodes of any size, anywhere in the neck.

or

Cancer is found in a lymph node larger than 6 centimeters. Cancer may also be found anywhere in or near the maxillary sinus.

STAGE IVC

In stage IVC, cancer may be anywhere in or near the maxillary sinus, may have spread to lymph nodes, and has spread to organs far away from the maxillary sinus, such as the lungs.

The following stages are used for nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus cancer:

Stage 0 (Carcinoma in Situ)

In stage 0, abnormalcells are found in the innermost lining of the nasalcavity or ethmoid sinus. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue. Stage 0 is also called carcinoma in situ.

Stage I

In stage I, cancer has formed and is found in only one area (of either the nasalcavity or the ethmoid sinus) and may have spread into bone.

Stage II

In stage II, cancer is found in two areas (of either the nasalcavity or the ethmoid sinus) that are near each other or has spread to an area next to the sinuses. Cancer may also have spread into bone.

Stage III

In stage III, cancer has spread to any of the following:

• The eye socket.
• The maxillary sinus.
• The roof of the mouth.
• The bone between the eyes.

or

Cancer has spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the cancer and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller. Cancer has also spread to any of the following:

• The nasalcavity.
• The ethmoid sinus.
• The eye socket.
• The maxillary sinus.
• The roof of the mouth.
• The bone between the eyes.

Stage IV

Stage IV is divided into stage IVA, IVB, and IVC.

STAGE IVA

In stage IVA, cancer has spread either:

• to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the cancer and the lymph node is larger than 3 centimeters but not larger than 6 centimeters; or
• to more than one lymph node anywhere in the neck, and they are all 6 centimeters or smaller;

and cancer has spread to any of the following:

• The nasalcavity.
• The ethmoid sinus.
• The eye socket.
• The maxillary sinus.
• The roof of the mouth.
• The bone between the eyes.

or

Cancer has spread to any of the following:

• The front of the eye.
• The skin of the nose or cheek.
• Front parts of the skull.
• The base of the skull.
• The sphenoid or frontal sinuses.

and cancer may have spread to one or more lymph nodes 6 centimeters or smaller, anywhere in the neck.

STAGE IVB

In stage IVB, cancer has spread to any of the following:

• The back of the eye.
• The brain.
• The middle parts of the skull.
• The nerves in the head that go to the brain.
• The upper part of the throat behind the nose.
• The base of the skull.

and cancer may be found in one or more lymph nodes of any size, anywhere in the neck.

or

Cancer is found in a lymph node larger than 6 centimeters. Cancer may also be found anywhere in or near the nasalcavity and ethmoid sinus.

STAGE IVC

In stage IVC, cancer may be anywhere in or near the nasalcavity and ethmoid sinus, may have spread to lymph nodes, and has spread to organs far away from the nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus, such as the lungs.

Recurrentparanasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer is cancer that has recurred (come back) after it has been treated. The cancer may come back in the paranasal sinuses and nasalcavity or in other parts of the body.

There are different types of treatment for patients with paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer.

Different types of treatment are available for patients with paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. Some treatments are standard (the currently used treatment), and some are being tested in clinical trials. A treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer. When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment, the new treatment may become the standard treatment. Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.

Patients with paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer should have their treatment planned by a team of doctors with expertise in treating head and neck cancer.

Treatment will be overseen by a medical oncologist, a doctor who specializes in treating people with cancer. The medical oncologist works with other doctors who are experts in treating patients with head and neck cancer and who specialize in certain areas of medicine and rehabilitation. Patients who have paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer may need special help adjusting to breathing problems or other side effects of the cancer and its treatment. If a large amount of tissue or bone around the paranasal sinuses or nasalcavity is taken out, plastic surgery may be done to repair or rebuild the area. The treatment team may include the following specialists:

• Radiation oncologist.
• Neurologist.
• Oral surgeon or head and neck surgeon.
• Plastic surgeon.
• Dentist.
• Nutritionist.
• Speech and language pathologist.
• Rehabilitation specialist.

Three types of standard treatment are used:

Surgery

Surgery (removing the cancer in an operation) is a common treatment for all stages of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. A doctor may remove the cancer and some of the healthy tissue and bone around the cancer. If the cancer has spread, the doctor may remove lymph nodes and other tissues in the neck.

Even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery, some patients may be given chemotherapy or radiation therapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left. Treatment given after surgery, to lower the risk that the cancer will come back, is called adjuvant therapy.

Radiation therapy

Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. There are two types of radiation therapy. External radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer. The total dose of radiation therapy is sometimes divided into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. This is called fractionation. Internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer. The way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated.

External radiation therapy to the thyroid or the pituitary gland may change the way the thyroid gland works. The thyroid gland may be tested before and after treatment.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body (systemic chemotherapy). When chemotherapy is placed directly into the spinal column, an organ, or a body cavity such as the abdomen, the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas (regional chemotherapy). Combination chemotherapy is treatment using more than one anticancer drug.

The way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated.

New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.

Information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.

Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.

For some patients, taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice. Clinical trials are part of the cancer research process. Clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment.

Many of today's standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials. Patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment.

Patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future. Even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments, they often answer important questions and help move research forward.

Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.

Some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment. Other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better. There are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring (coming back) or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment.

Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. See the Treatment Options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials. These have been retrieved from NCI's clinical trials database.

Follow-up tests may be needed.

Some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated. Some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working. Decisions about whether to continue, change, or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests. This is sometimes called re-staging.

Some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended. The results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred (come back). These tests are sometimes called follow-up tests or check-ups.

A link to a list of current clinical trials is included for each treatment section. For some types or stages of cancer, there may not be any trials listed. Check with your doctor for clinical trials that are not listed here but may be right for you.

Stage I Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer

Treatment of stage I paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer depends on where cancer is found in the paranasal sinuses and nasalcavity:

• If cancer is in the maxillary sinus, treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy.
• If cancer is in the ethmoid sinus, treatment is usually radiation therapy and/or surgery.
• If cancer is in the sphenoid sinus, treatment is the same as for nasopharyngeal cancer, usually radiation therapy. (See the PDQ summary on Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment for more information.)
• If cancer is in the nasal cavity, treatment is usually surgery and/or radiation therapy.
• If cancer is in the nasal vestibule, treatment is usually surgery or radiation therapy.
• For inverting papilloma, treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy.
• For melanoma and sarcoma, treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
• For midline granuloma, treatment is usually radiation therapy.

Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's PDQ Cancer Clinical Trials Registry that are now accepting patients with stage I paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.

Stage II Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer

Treatment of stage II paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer depends on where cancer is found in the paranasal sinuses and nasalcavity:

• If cancer is in the maxillary sinus, treatment is usually high-dose radiationtherapy before or after surgery.
• If cancer is in the ethmoid sinus, treatment is usually radiation therapy and/or surgery.
• If cancer is in the sphenoid sinus, treatment is the same as for nasopharyngeal cancer, usually radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy. (See the PDQ summary on Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment for more information.)
• If cancer is in the nasal cavity, treatment is usually surgery and/or radiation therapy.
• If cancer is in the nasal vestibule, treatment is usually surgery or radiation therapy.
• For inverting papilloma, treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy.
• For melanoma and sarcoma, treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
• For midline granuloma, treatment is usually radiation therapy.

Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's PDQ Cancer Clinical Trials Registry that are now accepting patients with stage II paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.

Stage III Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer

Treatment of stage III paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer depends on where cancer is found in the paranasal sinuses and nasalcavity.

If cancer is in the maxillary sinus, treatment may include the following:

• High-dose radiationtherapy before or after surgery.
• A clinical trial of fractionated radiation therapy before or after surgery.

If cancer is in the ethmoid sinus, treatment may include the following:

• Surgery followed by radiation therapy.
• A clinical trial of combination chemotherapy before surgery or radiation therapy.
• A clinical trial of combination chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment.

If cancer is in the sphenoid sinus, treatment is the same as for nasopharyngeal cancer, usually radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy. (See the PDQ summary on Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment for more information.)

If cancer is in the nasal cavity, treatment may include the following:

• Surgery and/or radiation therapy.
• Chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
• A clinical trial of combination chemotherapy before surgery or radiation therapy.
• A clinical trial of combination chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment.

For inverting papilloma, treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy.

For melanoma and sarcoma, treatment may include the following:

• Surgery.
• Radiation therapy.
• Surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

For midline granuloma, treatment is usually radiation therapy.

If cancer is in the nasal vestibule, treatment may include the following:

• External radiation therapy and/or internal radiation therapy with or without surgery.
• A clinical trial of combination chemotherapy before surgery or radiation therapy.
• A clinical trial of combination chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment.

Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's PDQ Cancer Clinical Trials Registry that are now accepting patients with stage III paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.

Stage IV Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer

Treatment of stage IV paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer depends on where cancer is found in the paranasal sinuses and nasalcavity.

If cancer is in the maxillary sinus, treatment may include the following:

• High-dose radiationtherapy with or without surgery.
• A clinical trial of fractionated radiation therapy.
• A clinical trial of chemotherapy before surgery or radiation therapy.
• A clinical trial of chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment.
• A clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

If cancer is in the ethmoid sinus, treatment may include the following:

• Radiation therapy before or after surgery.
• Chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
• A clinical trial of chemotherapy before surgery or radiation therapy.
• A clinical trial of chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment.
• A clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

If cancer is in the sphenoid sinus, treatment is the same as for nasopharyngeal cancer, usually radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy. (See the PDQ summary on Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment for more information.)

If cancer is in the nasal cavity, treatment may include the following:

• Surgery and/or radiation therapy.
• Chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
• A clinical trial of chemotherapy before surgery or radiation therapy.
• A clinical trial of chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment.
• A clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

For inverting papilloma, treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy.

For melanoma and sarcoma, treatment may include the following:

• Surgery.
• Radiation therapy.
• Chemotherapy.

For midline granuloma, treatment is usually radiation therapy.

If cancer is in the nasal vestibule, treatment may include the following:

• External radiation therapy and/or internal radiation therapy with or without surgery.
• A clinical trial of chemotherapy before surgery or radiation therapy.
• A clinical trial of chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment.
• A clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's PDQ Cancer Clinical Trials Registry that are now accepting patients with stage IV paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.

Treatment of recurrentparanasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer depends on where cancer is found in the paranasal sinuses and nasalcavity.

If cancer is in the maxillary sinus, treatment may include the following:

• Surgery followed by radiation therapy.
• Radiation therapy followed by surgery.
• Chemotherapy as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life.
• A clinical trial of chemotherapy.

If cancer is in the ethmoid sinus, treatment may include the following:

• Surgery and/or radiation therapy.
• Chemotherapy as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life.
• A clinical trial of chemotherapy.

If cancer is in the sphenoid sinus, treatment is the same as for nasopharyngeal cancer and may include radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy. (See the PDQ summary on Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment for more information.)

If cancer is in the nasal cavity, treatment may include the following:

• Surgery and/or radiation therapy.
• Chemotherapy as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life.
• A clinical trial of chemotherapy.

For inverting papilloma, treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy.

For melanoma and sarcoma, treatment may include the following:

• Surgery.
• Chemotherapy as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life.

For midline granuloma, treatment is usually radiation therapy.

If cancer is in the nasal vestibule, treatment may include the following:

• Surgery and/or radiation therapy.
• Chemotherapy as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life.
• A clinical trial of chemotherapy.

Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's PDQ Cancer Clinical Trials Registry that are now accepting patients with recurrent paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.

For more information from the National Cancer Institute about paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer, see the following:

• Head and Neck Cancer Home Page
• Smoking and Cancer Home Page (Includes help with quitting)
• Head and Neck Cancer: Questions and Answers

For general cancer information and other resources from the National Cancer Institute, see the following:

• What You Need to Know About™ Cancer - An Overview
• Understanding Cancer Series: Cancer
• Staging: Questions and Answers
• Chemotherapy and You: Support for People With Cancer
• Radiation Therapy and You: Support for People With Cancer
• Coping with Cancer: Supportive and Palliative Care
• Cancer Library
• Information For Survivors/Caregivers/Advocates

CALL 1-800-4-CANCER

For more information, U.S. residents may call the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) Cancer Information Service toll-free at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237) Monday through Friday from 9:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. A trained Cancer Information Specialist is available to answer your questions.

CHAT ONLINE

The NCI's LiveHelp® online chat service provides Internet users with the ability to chat online with an Information Specialist. The service is available from 9:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. Eastern time, Monday through Friday. Information Specialists can help Internet users find information on NCI Web sites and answer questions about cancer.

WRITE TO US

For more information from the NCI, please write to this address:

SEARCH THE NCI WEB SITE

The NCI Web site provides online access to information on cancer, clinical trials, and other Web sites and organizations that offer support and resources for cancer patients and their families. For a quick search, use the search box in the upper right corner of each Web page. The results for a wide range of search terms will include a list of "Best Bets," editorially chosen Web pages that are most closely related to the search term entered.

There are also many other places to get materials and information about cancer treatment and services. Hospitals in your area may have information about local and regional agencies that have information on finances, getting to and from treatment, receiving care at home, and dealing with problems related to cancer treatment.

FIND PUBLICATIONS

The NCI has booklets and other materials for patients, health professionals, and the public. These publications discuss types of cancer, methods of cancer treatment, coping with cancer, and clinical trials. Some publications provide information on tests for cancer, cancer causes and prevention, cancer statistics, and NCI research activities. NCI materials on these and other topics may be ordered online or printed directly from the NCI Publications Locator. These materials can also be ordered by telephone from the Cancer Information Service toll-free at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).

The PDQcancer information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as new information becomes available. This section describes the latest changes made to this summary as of the date above.

Editorial changes were made to this summary.

PDQ IS A COMPREHENSIVE CANCER DATABASE AVAILABLE ON NCI'S WEB SITE.

PDQ is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. Most of the information contained in PDQ is available online at NCI's Web site. PDQ is provided as a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health, the federal government's focal point for biomedical research.

PDQ CONTAINS CANCER INFORMATION SUMMARIES.

The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries are available in two versions. The health professional versions provide detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions provide current and accurate cancer information.

THE PDQ CANCER INFORMATION SUMMARIES ARE DEVELOPED BY CANCER EXPERTS AND REVIEWED REGULARLY.

Editorial Boards made up of experts in oncology and related specialties are responsible for writing and maintaining the cancer information summaries. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made as new information becomes available. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") indicates the time of the most recent change.

PDQ ALSO CONTAINS INFORMATION ON CLINICAL TRIALS.

A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.

Listings of clinical trials are included in PDQ and are available online at NCI's Web site. Descriptions of the trials are available in health professional and patient versions. Many cancer doctors who take part in clinical trials are also listed in PDQ. For more information, call the Cancer Information Service 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).

Date Last Modified: 2009-08-28

If you want to know more about cancer and how it is treated, or if you wish to know about clinical trials for your type of cancer, you can call the NCI's Cancer Information Service at 1-800-422-6237, toll free. A trained information specialist can talk with you and answer your questions.