Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:

• Ectodermal dysplasias
• Ichthyosis
• Palmoplantar keratodermas

KID syndrome is present at birth. Nearly all cases have skin involvement, which includes red, rough, thickened plaques that are sometimes scaling, as well as sensorineural deafness or severe hearing impairment.

Most patients develop eye findings, predominantly keratitis (superficial defects of the cornea), which may result in the eyes being very sensitive to light (photophobia), small blood vessels growing from the iris over the cornea (neovascularization), and progressive decline of vision. A small percentage of patients may have recurrent or chronic inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eye (conjunctivitis).

Sparse hair or areas of baldness (alopecia) are relatively common, while a complete lack of hair is rare. The palms of the hands and soles of the feet have thickened hardened skin in most patients, while a smaller percentage may have absent or abnormal nails.

There is a whole spectrum of other associated symptoms, including recurrent infections, abnormal teeth, reduced sweating, and an increased risk for developing squamous cell carcinoma of the skin or mucous membranes, which may occur in some but not many patients. A very small percentage of patients encounter life-threatening infections during the neonatal period.

KID syndrome is a genetic disorder and can be transmitted from a parent to a child in an autosomal dominant fashion. That means that each individual affected with the disease will have one abnormal gene for the disease and one normal gene. When, by chance, the abnormal gene copy is passed on to the offspring, the child will be affected. When the normal gene copy is transmitted, the child will be unaffected. The risk for an adult with KID syndrome to have an affected child is 50% for each pregnancy. Nevertheless, approximately nine out of ten patients carry a new, spontaneously occurring mutation that is not present in either parent.

The gene whose mutation causes KID syndrome is called gap junction protein beta 2 (GJB2) and is located on the long arm of human chromosome 13 (13q11-q12). This gene encodes the structural protein "connexin-26" (Cx26), which forms gap junction channels that connect neighboring cells and permit the exchange of small molecules and ions. The impairment of this connection and exchange may affect direct cell-to-cell communication in the skin and other tissues, such as the cornea and inner ear. Very rarely, KID syndrome with congenital absence of hair, may be caused by mutations in the gene GJB6 encoding the gap junction protein beta 6, also known as "connexin-30," which fulfills similar functions as connexin-26.

Chromosomes, which are present in the nucleus of human cells, carry the genetic information for each individual. Pairs of human chromosomes are numbered from 1 through 22, and an additional 23rd pair of sex chromosomes which include one X and one Y chromosome in males and two X chromosomes in females. Each chromosome has a short arm designated "p" and a long arm designated "q". Chromosomes are further sub-divided into many bands that are numbered. For example, "chromosome 13q11-q12" refers to bands 11-12 on the long arm of chromosome 13. The numbered bands specify the location of the thousands of genes that are present on each chromosome.

KID syndrome appears to affect females slightly more often than males. The disorder is very rare with fewer than 100 cases reported in the medical literature. Collectively, the ichthyoses affect more than 1,000,000 people in the United States.

Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of KID syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:

Ichthyoses or "disorders of cornification" are general terms describing a group of scaly skin disorders. They are characterized by an abnormal accumulation of large amounts of dead skin cells (squames) in the top layer of the skin. The conversion of an abnormally large number of epidermal cells into squamous cells is thought to be caused by a defect in the metabolism of the skin cells known as "corneocytes" or the fat-rich matrix around these cells. These cells can be thought of as bricks, while the matrix would be the mortar holding these cells together. (See "Ichthyosis" in the Rare Disease Database.)

Palmoplantar keratodermas (PPK) are a large group of skin disorders with thickening of the skin of the palms and soles. There are many different variants of PPK, which have many different causes. In one form of PPK, called "Vohwinkel syndrome," the skin findings are associated with sensorineural hearing loss similar to KID syndrome. However there is no eye disease. (For more information, choose "Palmoplantar Keratoderma" in the Rare Disease Database.)

Ectodermal dysplasias are also a very large group of disorders with diverse clinical features including two or more different tissues of common origin, such as skin, nails, teeth, mucous membranes, eyes, hearing, and sweat glands. (For more informatiom, choose "Ectodermal Dyslplasia" in the Rare Disease Database.)

Individuals with KID syndrome usually require multidisciplinary treatment due to the involvement of several organ systems and the potential impairment of hearing, speech, and sight.

The skin symptoms of KID syndrome can be treated by applying skin softening emollients. This can be particularly effective after bathing while the skin is still moist. Lotions containing alpha-hydroxy acids can be an effective treatment for scaling skin. Cholesterol or ceramide containing emollients may also improve the scaling.

Genetic counseling may be of benefit for affected individuals and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.

Information on current clinical trials is posted on the Internet at www.clinicaltrials.gov. All studies receiving U.S. government funding, and some supported by private industry, are posted on this government website.

For information about clinical trials being conducted at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center in Bethesda, MD, contact the NIH Patient Recruitment Office:

Tollfree: (800) 411-1222
TTY: (866) 411-1010
Email: prpl@cc.nih.gov

For information about clinical trials sponsored by private sources, contact:
www.centerwatch.com

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Messmer EM, Kenyon KR, Rittinger O, Janecke AR, Kampik A. Ophthalmology. 2005;112:e1-6.

Elias, PM, Williams, ML. Enlightened Therapy of the Disorders of Cornification. Clinics in Dermatology. 2003;21:269–273.

Richard G, Rouan F, Willoughby CE, et al. Missense mutations in GJB2 encoding connexin-26 cause the ectodermal dysplasia keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 2002;70:1341-1348.

Szymko-Bennett YM, Russell LJ, Bale SJ, Griffith AJ. Auditory manifestations of Keratitis-Ichthyosis-Deafness syndrome. Laryngoscope. 2002;112:272-280.

van Steensel MA, van Geel M, Nahuys M, Smitt JH, Steijlen PM. A novel connexin 26 mutation in a patient diagnosed with keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome. J Invet Dermatol. 2002;118: 724-727.

FROM THE INTERNET
Goins K. Ichthyosis. emedicine. Last Updated: July 15, 2005. 14pp. Available at: www.emedicine.com/oph/topic687.htm

McKusick VA, Ed. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM). The Johns Hopkins University. Last Updated: November 17, 2005. Available at: www3.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=148210