Menstrual Cramps

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Topic Overview

Most women have painful menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea) from time to time. Menstrual cramps are one of the most common reasons for women to seek medical attention. The pain from menstrual cramps can range from mild to severe and can involve the lower belly, back, or thighs. You may also have headaches, nausea, dizziness or fainting, or diarrhea or constipation with your cramps.

During the menstrual cycle, the lining of the uterus produces a hormone called prostaglandin . This hormone causes the uterus to contract, often painfully. Women with severe cramps may produce higher-than-normal amounts of prostaglandin, or they may be more sensitive to its effects.

Cramping is common during the teen years, when a young woman first starts having periods. Primary dysmenorrhea is a term used to describe painful menstrual cramping with no recognized physical cause. It is seen most commonly in women between the ages of 20 and 24. It usually goes away after 1 to 2 years, when hormonal balance occurs.

Secondary dysmenorrhea is a term used to describe painful menstrual cramping caused by a physical problem other than menstruation. Physical problems that can cause this type of cramping include:

  • A condition in which cells that look and act like the cells of the lining of the uterus (endometrium) are found in other parts of the abdominal cavity ( endometriosis ) or grow into the muscular tissue of the uterine wall (adenomyosis ). Pain usually occurs 1 to 2 days before menstrual bleeding begins and continues through the period.
  • Growths in the pelvis that are not cancerous (benign growths), such as ovarian cysts , cervical or uterine polyps , or fibroids .
  • Pelvic infections . Your risk for developing an infection is higher after menstrual bleeding has begun because the opening to the uterus (cervical canal) widens during menstruation. But pelvic infections, especially those caused by sexually transmitted infections , can occur at any time.
  • Using an intrauterine device (IUD) . An IUD may cause increased cramping during your period for the first few months of use. If menstrual cramping persists or gets worse, you may need to consider having the IUD removed and choosing another birth control method.
  • Problems with pregnancy .
  • Structural problems that were present at birth (congenital), such as narrowing of the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina (cervix).

Menstrual-type cramps may occur after a medical procedure, such as cautery, cryotherapy, conization, radiation, endometrial biopsy, or IUD insertion.

Other menstrual symptoms, such as weight gain, headache, and tension, that occur before your period begins, can be caused by premenstrual syndrome (PMS) . For more information, see the topic Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) .

Check your symptoms to decide if and when you should see a doctor.

Health Tools

Health Tools help you make wise health decisions or take action to improve your health.

Actionsets are designed to help people take an active role in managing a health condition.

Check Your Symptoms

Do you have menstrual cramps?
Menstrual cramps can affect the lower belly, back, and thighs.
Yes
Menstrual cramps
No
Menstrual cramps
How old are you?
Less than 12 years
Less than 12 years
12 years or older
12 years or older
Are you male or female?
Male
Male
Female
Female
Are you pregnant?
Yes, you know that you're pregnant.
Pregnancy
No, you're not pregnant, or you're not sure if you're pregnant.
Pregnancy
Are you having any abnormal vaginal bleeding?
Bleeding is abnormal if it occurs at a time when you aren't expecting it or if it's a lot heavier or lighter than what you are used to.
Yes
Abnormal vaginal bleeding
No
Abnormal vaginal bleeding
Do you have new pain in your lower belly, pelvis, or genital area that is different than your usual menstrual cramps?
Yes
Lower abdominal, pelvic, or genital pain
No
Lower abdominal, pelvic, or genital pain
How bad is the pain on a scale of 0 to 10, if 0 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain you can imagine?
8 to 10: Severe pain
Severe pain
5 to 7: Moderate pain
Moderate pain
1 to 4: Mild pain
Mild pain
How long have you had the pain?
Less than 4 hours
Pain for less than 4 hours
4 to less than 24 hours
Pain for 4 to less than 24 hours
1 day to 1 week
Pain for 1 day to 1 week
More than 1 week
Pain for more than 1 week
Is there any chance that you could be pregnant?
Yes
Possibility of pregnancy
No
Possibility of pregnancy
Do you think you may have a fever?
Yes
Possible fever
No
Possible fever
Do you have a rash that looks like a sunburn?
Yes
Sunburn-like rash
No
Sunburn-like rash
Do you think that the symptoms may have been caused by sexual abuse?
Yes
Possible sexual abuse
No
Possible sexual abuse
Do you have an IUD (intrauterine device)?
An IUD can make cramping worse during your period.
Yes
IUD
No
IUD
Are the cramps so bad that you're thinking about having the IUD removed?
Yes
Severe cramps
No
Severe cramps
Do cramps start 5 to 7 days before your period begins or continue after your period ends?
Yes
Cramps begin 5 to 7 days before period starts or continue after period stops
No
Cramps begin 5 to 7 days before period starts or continue after period stops
Is sex painful?
If you are not sexually active, say no.
Yes
Painful sex
No
Painful sex
Do you have low back pain?
Yes
Low back pain
No
Low back pain
Have cramps been severe or lasted longer than usual for at least 3 menstrual cycles?
Yes
Severe or prolonged menstrual cramps for at least 3 menstrual cycles
No
Severe or prolonged menstrual cramps for at least 3 menstrual cycles

Many things can affect how your body responds to a symptom and what kind of care you may need. These include:

  • Your age. Babies and older adults tend to get sicker quicker.
  • Your overall health. If you have a condition such as diabetes, HIV, cancer, or heart disease, you may need to pay closer attention to certain symptoms and seek care sooner.
  • Medicines you take. Certain medicines, herbal remedies, and supplements can cause symptoms or make them worse.
  • Recent health events, such as surgery or injury. These kinds of events can cause symptoms afterwards or make them more serious.
  • Your health habits and lifestyle, such as eating and exercise habits, smoking, alcohol or drug use, sexual history, and travel.

Try Home Treatment

You have answered all the questions. Based on your answers, you may be able to take care of this problem at home.

  • Try home treatment to relieve the symptoms.
  • Call your doctor if symptoms get worse or you have any concerns (for example, if symptoms are not getting better as you would expect). You may need care sooner.
HomeTreatment
RelatedInformation

Pain in adults and older children

  • Severe pain (8 to 10): The pain is so bad that you can't stand it for more than a few hours, can't sleep, and can't do anything else except focus on the pain.
  • Moderate pain (5 to 7): The pain is bad enough to disrupt your normal activities and your sleep, but you can tolerate it for hours or days. Moderate can also mean pain that comes and goes even if it's severe when it's there.
  • Mild pain (1 to 4): You notice the pain, but it is not bad enough to disrupt your sleep or activities.

Make an Appointment

Based on your answers, the problem may not improve without medical care.

  • Make an appointment to see your doctor in the next 1 to 2 weeks.
  • If appropriate, try home treatment while you are waiting for the appointment.
  • If symptoms get worse or you have any concerns, call your doctor. You may need care sooner.
HomeTreatment
RelatedInformation

Seek Care Today

Based on your answers, you may need care soon. The problem probably will not get better without medical care.

  • Call your doctor today to discuss the symptoms and arrange for care.
  • If you cannot reach your doctor or you don't have one, seek care today.
  • If it is evening, watch the symptoms and seek care in the morning.
  • If the symptoms get worse, seek care sooner.
HomeTreatment
RelatedInformation

Seek Care Now

Based on your answers, you may need care right away. The problem is likely to get worse without medical care.

  • Call your doctor now to discuss the symptoms and arrange for care.
  • If you cannot reach your doctor or you don't have one, seek care in the next hour.
  • You do not need to call an ambulance unless:
    • You cannot travel safely either by driving yourself or by having someone else drive you.
    • You are in an area where heavy traffic or other problems may slow you down.
Pregnancy-Related Problems
Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding

Home Treatment

Try the following home treatment to help manage your menstrual cramps :

  • Use heat, such as hot water bottles, heating pads, or hot baths, to relax tense muscles and relieve cramping. Be careful not to burn yourself.
  • Drink herbal teas, such as chamomile, mint, raspberry, and blackberry, which may help soothe tense muscles and anxious moods.
  • Exercise. Regular workouts decrease the severity of cramps. For more information, see the topic Fitness .
  • Empty your bladder as soon as you have the urge to urinate.
Medicine you can buy without a prescription
Try a nonprescription medicine to help treat your fever or pain:
Safety tips
Be sure to follow these safety tips when you use a nonprescription medicine:
  • Carefully read and follow all directions on the medicine bottle and box.
  • Do not take more than the recommended dose.
  • Do not take a medicine if you have had an allergic reaction to it in the past.
  • If you have been told to avoid a medicine, call your doctor before you take it.
  • If you are or could be pregnant, do not take any medicine other than acetaminophen unless your doctor has told you to.

Symptoms to watch for during home treatment

Call your doctor if any of the following occur during home treatment:

  • You become pregnant.
  • Pain is getting worse.
  • Menstrual cramps are lasting longer than your period.
  • Other symptoms develop, such as fever.
  • Symptoms become more severe or frequent.

Prevention

You may be able to prevent menstrual cramps.

  • Eat a balanced diet that includes plenty of fruits and vegetables and is low in fat. Limit your intake of alcohol, caffeine, salt, and sweets. For more information, see the topic Healthy Eating .
  • Begin or maintain a moderate exercise schedule. For more information, see the topic Fitness .
  • Reduce stress in your life. Although stress does not cause menstrual cramps, reducing stress can make your symptoms less severe. For more information, see the topic Stress Management .
  • Do not smoke or use other tobacco products.
  • Try biofeedback or yoga . Both therapies teach relaxation skills.
  • Try acupuncture or acupressure.

Preparing For Your Appointment

To prepare for your appointment, see the topic Making the Most of Your Appointment .

You can help your doctor diagnose and treat your condition by being prepared to answer the following questions:

  • What were the dates of your last two menstrual periods?
    • If you are a teen, do you have regular cycles, such as a period every 21 to 45 days?
    • If you are an adult, do you have regular cycles, such as a period every 21 to 35 days?
    • If you have been through menopause , how long ago was your last menstrual period?
  • Has your menstrual flow been heavier bleeding than usual?
  • What is your menstrual pattern?
    • Is it regular, with approximately the same number of days in between periods?
    • Is it irregular? What is the range from the longest to the shortest time interval between your periods?
  • What method of birth control do you use? It is especially important to tell your doctor if you use an intrauterine device (IUD) .
  • Have you done a home pregnancy test ? If so, when did you do the test and what was the result?
  • Have you been under increased psychological or physical stress?
  • Have you recently gained or lost more than 10 pounds for no known reason?
  • What prescription and nonprescription medicines are you taking?
  • How does your pain differ from your typical menstrual cramps?
  • Do you engage in high-risk sexual behaviors ?
  • Do you have any health risks ?

Credits

ByHealthwise Staff

Primary Medical Reviewer William H. Blahd, Jr., MD, FACEP - Emergency Medicine

Adam Husney, MD - Family Medicine

Kathleen Romito, MD - Family Medicine

Specialist Medical Reviewer Kathleen Romito, MD - Family Medicine

Current as ofMarch 20, 2017

Current as of: March 20, 2017

Author: Healthwise Staff

Medical Review: William H. Blahd, Jr., MD, FACEP - Emergency Medicine & Adam Husney, MD - Family Medicine & Kathleen Romito, MD - Family Medicine & Kathleen Romito, MD - Family Medicine